9×12 kitchen:
9 lights
9fixtures A 9×12 ft kitchen (108 sq ft) needs approximately 9 recessed lights at 800 lumens each — about 7,049 lumens in total — laid out 3 across by 3 deep.
Space them 4 ft apart along the 12 ft wall and 3 ft apart along the 9 ft wall, starting 2 ft from the end walls.
Assumed·8 ft ceiling·working plane 3.0 ft·light surfaces·UF 0.53·MF 0.8
SOURCE·IES lumen-method recommendations·published recommendations, quoted as ranges·REVIEWED JUL 2026
Sheet 01 · layoutWhere the 9 go, and how far the light gets
Drawn to scale from the computed centres. The dashed rings are iso-lux contours: the line each fitting's own light crosses on the way down from 108 lux beneath it.
Read the contours off any one fitting. Directly beneath it, a 800 lm downlight at 5 ft above the working plane puts about 108 lux on that plane; 5 ft away it is down to 27 lux. The target for a kitchen is 300 lux. No single ring gets anywhere near it, and that is the point of the drawing: the level in the room is built out of overlapping contours plus the light that bounces off the walls and ceiling, which is what the utilisation factor of 0.53 pays for. 9 fittings is the count that closes that gap — it is not the room's area divided by a rule of thumb.
SOURCE·Computed from the lumen method·no dataset, every figure reproducible with a calculator·REVIEWED JUL 2026
How this is worked out
- Set the ambient target at 300 lx. The published band for a kitchen is 300–500 lx. The ceiling layer is sized to the bottom of it, because this room has a task layer — under-cabinet, desk or bench — that carries the working plane the rest of the way.
- Restate the room in metres, and measure to the plane. 108 sq ft is 10 m². Mounting height is taken to the working plane, not the floor: 5 ft under a 8 ft ceiling.
- Take the losses off before sizing anything. A room index of 1.02 gives a utilisation factor of 0.53 against light surfaces; the maintenance factor is fixed at 0.8 for dirt and lamp depreciation. Between them 58% of everything the fittings emit never lands on the plane, and it has to be bought up front.
- Divide, then fit a grid to the room's own proportions. 7,049 lm required; at 800 lm each that is 8.8 fittings, resolved to 9 in a 3 × 3 grid, because an even grid beats a lopsided one at the same total.
- Check it against the spacing criterion. 1.3 × 5 ft allows up to 6.6 ft between fittings. This layout sits at 4 ft, inside the limit.
N = (E × A) / (F × UF × MF) = (300 × 10) / (800 × 0.53 × 0.8) = 8.8 fittings → 3 × 3 = 9 installed E0 = F / (π × Hm²) contour datum, one fitting, direct only = 800 / (π × 1.54²) = 108 lx on the plane directly beneath a fitting
Sheet 03 · scheduleRe-lamp it: what a brighter fitting buys you
If the fitting is already chosen, read across from its lumen output. Fewer, brighter fittings raise the contour datum and widen the rings; more, dimmer ones flatten the floor.
| Fixture output | Rough equivalent | Fixtures needed | Suggested grid |
|---|---|---|---|
| 450 lm | 40 W incandescent | 16 | 4 × 4 |
| 650 lm | 50 W incandescent | 12 | 4 × 3 |
| 800 lm | 60 W incandescent | 9 | 3 × 3 |
| 1000 lm | 75 W incandescent | 6 | 3 × 2 |
| 1200 lm | 100 W incandescent | 6 | 3 × 2 |
Fewer, brighter fixtures give more contrast; more, dimmer fixtures give flatter, more even light. Both rows deliver the same total.
SOURCE·Computed from the lumen method·no dataset, every figure reproducible with a calculator·REVIEWED JUL 2026
Sheet 04 · ledgerEvery input behind the 9, line by line
| Target illuminance for a kitchen | 300 lux | published range 300–500 lux |
|---|---|---|
| Floor area | 10 m² | 108 sq ft |
| Mounting height above the working plane | 5 ft | 8 ft ceiling, 3.0 ft working plane |
| Room index | 1.02 | (L × W) ÷ (Hm × (L + W)) |
| Utilisation factor | 0.53 | from the room index, light surfaces |
| Maintenance factor | 0.8 | dirt and lamp depreciation |
| Lumens required | 7,049 lm | 300 × 10 ÷ (0.53 × 0.8) |
| Fixtures at 800 lm | 9 | delivering about 306 lux |
Worktops are the critical surface, so a kitchen needs roughly double a living room. Under-cabinet lighting handles the task layer; ceiling fixtures handle the rest.
SOURCE·IES lumen-method recommendations·published recommendations, quoted as ranges·REVIEWED JUL 2026
Sheet 05 · variationRaise the ceiling and the whole sheet moves
A taller ceiling spreads each fitting's contours wider, which permits wider centres — and drops the level on the plane, which asks for more total output. Both at once.
| Ceiling | Fixtures | Grid | Spacing | Max spacing |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8 ft | 9 | 3 × 3 | 4′ × 3′ | 6.6′ |
| 9 ft | 12 | 4 × 3 | 3′ × 3′ | 7.9′ |
| 10 ft | 12 | 4 × 3 | 3′ × 3′ | 9.2′ |
| 12 ft | 12 | 4 × 3 | 3′ × 3′ | 11.8′ |
SOURCE·Computed from the lumen method·no dataset, every figure reproducible with a calculator·REVIEWED JUL 2026
Sheet 06 · queriesWhat an electrician asks next
How many recessed lights do I need for a 9x12 kitchen?
About 9 fixtures at 800 lumens each, arranged 3 across by 3 deep. That gives roughly 306 lux across 108 square feet, against a target of 300 lux for a kitchen.
How many lumens does a 9x12 kitchen need?
Roughly 7,049 lumens in total. That comes from 300 lux over 10 m², divided by a utilisation factor of 0.53 and a maintenance factor of 0.8 — the light that never reaches the working plane has to be paid for up front.
How far apart should the lights be in a 9x12 room?
4 ft apart along the 12 ft wall and 3 ft apart along the 9 ft wall, with the outer row about 2 ft in from the end walls — half a spacing. With a 8 ft ceiling the maximum sensible spacing is around 6.6 ft before the floor starts to show scallops.
Does the ceiling height change the answer?
Yes, in two ways. A higher ceiling spreads each fixture's light over a wider area, so fixtures can sit further apart — but it also drops the light level reaching the floor, so a taller room generally needs more total lumens. At 8 ft the room index works out at 1.02, giving a utilisation factor of 0.53.
Sheet 07 · adjacentThe same footprint, commissioned for another room
Identical geometry, different target illuminance. The count is the only thing that changes.
Sheet issued for planning only. Method, assumptions and the four places this sheet is weak.
Planning guidance only, not an electrical design. Fixture counts are a starting point — follow your local wiring rules and use a licensed electrician for the installation.
